@Article{TrancosoCaToScFoMi:2010:DeCoMa,
               author = "Trancoso, Ralph and Carneiro Filho, Arnaldo and Tomazella, Javier 
                         and Schietti, Juliana and Forsberg, Bruce Rider and Miller, Robert 
                         Pritchard",
          affiliation = "{} and {} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "Deforestation and conservation in major watersheds of the 
                         Brazilian Amazon",
              journal = "Environmental Conservation",
                 year = "2010",
               volume = "36",
               number = "*",
                pages = "277--288",
                month = "fev",
             keywords = "Amazon, Brazil, deforestation, digital elevation model, 
                         hydrological impacts, indigenous lands, large watersheds, 
                         protected areas.",
             abstract = "Conserving natural vegetation cover is of critical importance for 
                         maintaining the ecological integrity and hydrological properties 
                         of large river basins (more than 100 000km2). Recent estimates 
                         indicate that more than 700 000km2 of Brazilian Amazon have 
                         already been deforested, and to reduce further losses and preserve 
                         the important natural and cultural resources in this region, large 
                         conservation areas have been created by the Brazilian government. 
                         The present study analysed land cover and land use change in the 
                         major watersheds of the Brazilian Amazon, in order to evaluate the 
                         current balance between deforestation and conservation of natural 
                         areas in the region. The results show that watersheds draining the 
                         southern part of the basin have suffered the highest deforestation 
                         rates, with the largest losses (8.320% of total basin area) 
                         occurring in the Madeira, Tapaj´os, Xingu, Araguaia and Tocantins 
                         river basins. Most largewatersheds already have significant 
                         deforestation in their headwaters, which can affect hydrological 
                         functions and ecological sustainability. The greatest allocation 
                         of land for conservation was encountered in the Trombetas, Xingu 
                         and Negro watersheds, where conservation areas occupied 92.5, 56.9 
                         and 50.6% of the total basin, respectively. While extensive areas 
                         of the Amazon biome have been deforested, on the scale of large 
                         watersheds there is a positive balance between conservation areas 
                         and deforestation, and on average the area delimited by 
                         conservation areas is more than three times larger than the 
                         deforested areas. An analysis by subwatersheds, however, indicates 
                         that certain regions have achieved more critical levels of 
                         deforestation, in some situations affecting more than 80% of the 
                         subwatersheds.",
                  doi = "10.1017/S0376892909990373",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892909990373",
                 issn = "0376-8929 and 1469-4387",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "Trancoso et al. 2010. Deforestation and conservation in major 
                         watersheds of the Brazilian Amazon.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "21 maio 2024"
}